Detection of Microplastics in Commercially Important Bivalves in Tinorian River, Iloilo, Philippines
Keywords:
Bivalves, Detection, Microplastics, Tinorian riverAbstract
Microplastics (MPs) are tiny plastic particles with a diameter of less than five millimeters that have become pervasive in the environment. These pollutants infiltrate ecosystems, posing significant risks to marine life, particularly filter-feeding organisms. Filter feeding is a technique where animals use water flow to capture small food particles or organisms. This feeding mechanism is vital for bivalves such as Crassostrea iredalei (slipper-shaped oyster) and Perna viridis (green mussel), which are widely distributed in the environment and highly sensitive to waterborne contaminants. These bivalves serve as reliable indicators of microplastic pollution. Although MPs are abundant in marine environments, there is a lack of comprehensive data regarding their presence and characteristics in bivalves. To extract MPs, potassium hydroxide (KOH) infused with sodium lauryl is used for digestion, and sodium chloride (NaCl) is employed as a flotation reagent. In this study, a hot-needle or hot-point test was used to examine particles' melting or deformation behavior. The results show that MPs were detected in 10 out of 15 samples (66.66%) of Crassostrea iredalei and 11 out of 15 samples (73.33%) of Perna viridis. The predominant types of microplastics identified were fibers, fragments, and films. These findings highlight the need for further research, particularly using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, to confirm and accurately detect microplastics.
References
Almonacid, S., Bustamante, J., Simpson, R., & Pinto, M. (2014). Shellfish (Mussel) processing and components. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 447–454).
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-404699-3.00054-8
Balita, C. (2024, April 30). Per capita production index oysters Philippines 2015- 2021. Statista. Retrieved October 2, 2024, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1029608/per-capita-production-index- oysters- Philippines
Beckingham, B., Apintiloaiei, A., Moore, C., & Brandes, J. (2023). Hot or not: systematic review and laboratory evaluation of the hot needle test for microplastic identification. Microplastics and Nanoplastics, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43591-023-00056-4
Bhandari, S. R. (2023). Benar news. World’s Oceans Contain 170 Trillion Plastic Particles, Study Says. https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/pl astic-pollution-
Berendzen, N. (2022, August 31). The threat of microplastics. AltaSea. https://altasea.org/the- threat-ofmicroplastics
Castillo, A., & Otoma, S. (2013). Status of Solid Waste Management in the Philippines. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Status-of-Solid-Waste- Management-in-the-Philippines-Castillo-Otoma/2cafc3855ba4339ae1fcb18a37b33586397eaf2c
Coyle, R., Hardiman, G., & Driscoll, K. O. (2020). Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of their sources, distribution processes, uptake and exchange in ecosystems. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 2,100010.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100010
Definition of “filter feeding.” (n.d.). Collinsdictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/
Diepens, N. J., & Koelmans, A. A. (2018). Accumulation of plastic debris and associated contaminants in aquatic food webs. Environmental Science & Technology, 52(15), 8510–8520. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02515
Dilandro, E. (2022). Study.com. Microplastics Definition, Types & Impacts. https://study.com/academy/lesson/microplastics-origin-types properties.
Ding, J., Sun, C., He, C., Li, J., Ju, P., & Li, F.(2021). Microplastics in four bivalve species and basis for using bivalves as bioindicators of microplastic pollution. Science of the Total environment, 782,146830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146830
Dong, H., Wang, X., Niu, X., Zeng, J., Zhou, Y., Suona, Z., Yuan, Y., & Chen, X. (2023). Overview of analytical methods for the determination of microplastics: Current status and trends. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 167, 117261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2023.117261
Gama, M., Banha, F., Moreira, C., Gama, H., Graça, M., & Anastácio, P. (2020d). Patterns of distribution of bivalve populations in a Mediterranean temporary river. Diversity, 12 (4), 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12040158
Gaspar, Miguel & Santos, Miguel & Vasconcelos, Paulo & Monteiro, Carlos. (2002). Shell morphometric relationships of the most common bivalve species (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the Algarve coast (southern Portugal). Hydrobiologia. 477. 73-80. 10.1023/A:1021009031717.
Gao, W., Zhang, Y., Mo, A., Jiang, J., Liang, Y., Cao, X., & He, D. (2022). Removal of microplastics in water: Technology progress and green strategies. Green Analytical Chemistry, 3, 100042. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.greeac.2022.100042
Geppner, L., Karaca, J., Wegner, W., Rados, M., Gutwald, T., Werth, P., & Henjakovic, M. (2023). Testing of Different Digestion Solutions on Tissue Samples and the Effects of Used Potassium Hydroxide Solution on Polystyrene Microspheres. Toxics, 11(9), 790. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11090790
Gosling, E. (2015). How Bivalves feed. Marine Bivalve Molluscs, Second Edition, 99156. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119045212.ch4
Houck, M. M. (2013). Analytical Light Microscopy. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences (Second Edition), (978-0-12-382166–9). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-382165-2.00251-8
HRPK - POP - Microplastics - ID - Guide. (2022, May). HUDSON RIVER PK RIVER PROJECT. Retrieved August 14, 2024, from https://hudsonriverpark.org/app/uploads/2022/05/HRPK-POP-Microplastics-ID-Guide.pdf
Khanjani, M. H., Sharifinia, M., & Mohammadi, A. (2023). The impact of microplastics on bivalve mollusks: A bibliometric and scientific review. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 194,115271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marp olbul.2023.115271
Kristina Enders, Robin Lenz, Sabrina Beer, Colin A. Stedmon, Extraction of microplastic from biota: recommended acidic digestion destroys common plastic polymers, ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 74, Issue 1, January-February 2017, Pages 326–331, https://doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw173
Lusher AL, Hernandez-Milian G. Microplastic Extraction from Marine Vertebrate Digestive Tracts, Regurgitates and Scats: A Protocol for Researchers from All Experience Levels. Bio Protoc. 2018 Nov 20;8(22):e3087. doi: 10.21769/BioProtoc.3087. PMID: 35036474; PMCID: PMC8342115.
Mercogliano R,Santonicola S,Raimo G,Gasperi M,Colavita G. Extraction and identification of microplastics from mussels: Method development and preliminary results. Ital J Food Saf. 2021 Mar 11;10(1):9264. doi: 10.4081/ijfs.2021.9264. PMID: 33747985; PMCID: PMC7970397.
Microplastics. (2023, October 23). National Geographic. https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/microplastics/
.https://education.nationalgeographic.or g/resource/microplastics/microplastics.(n.d.-b). Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/microplastic/
Moreschi, A. C., Callil, C. T., Christo, S. W., Ferreira, A. L., Junior, Nardes, C., De Faria, É., & Girard, P. (2020). Filtration, assimilation and elimination of microplastics by freshwater bivalves. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 2, 100053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100053additionalinfo#historyeffective,each
Morta, A. (2024, February 13). Oysters and mussels may contain high loads of bacteria by the time they reach consumers which makes them unsafe for raw consumption - Office of the Vice President for Academic Affairs - University of the Philippines
Morton, B. (2024, March 18). Bivalve | Definition, Characteristics, Species, Classification, & Facts.Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com /animal/bivalve
Mussel – Industry Strategic Science and Technology Plans (ISPs) platform. (2024, May 30). https://ispweb.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/mussel-2/
National Optical. (n.d.).https://www.microscopeworld.com/p-3470-what-is-a- compound-microscope.aspx#~:text=A%20compound%20microscope%20is%20an,provides%20a%20three%2Ddimensional%20image.
O’Connor, T. P. (2002). National distribution of chemical concentrations in mussels and oysters in the USA. Marine Environmental Research, 53(2), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0141-1136(01)00116-7
Ou, C. (2023, November 6). A Buchner funnel is a type of laboratory funnel that is used for vacuum filtration. It consists of a funnel.
Plastics Europe. (2022, February 11). Microplastics•Plastics Europe.
https://plasticseurope.org/sustainability/Plastics-health/microplastics/
Perez, J. (2022b, August 4). How does filter feeding work? -Ocean Conservancy. https://oceanconservancy.org/blog/2022/08/04/filter-feeding-work/
Plastic Polllution Coalition. (2021, July 1). Microplastics | Plastic Pollution Coalition. Plastic PollutionCoalition.https://www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org/resource- library/encyclopedic-entrymicroplastics.
Priya, A., Jalil, A., Dutta, K., Rajendran, S., Vasseghian, Y., Qin, J., & Soto-Moscoso, M. (2022). Microplastics in the environment: Recent developments in characteristic, occurrence, identification and ecological risk. Chemosphere,
298,34161.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134161
Pustadan, R. (2024, February 15). The Growing Threat Of Microplastics And Plastics. . https://nrcp.dost.gov.ph/the-growing-threat-q of-microplastics-and -plastics
Qoybr. (2023, August 2). 12 Different usages of filter paper. Hawach Scientific Co.,Ltd. https://www.hawachfilterpaper.com/12-different- usages-of- filter- paper
Rfa, S. R. B. F. (2023, March 13). World’s oceans contain 170 trillion plastic particles, study says. Benar News. https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philipp ine/plastic-pollution
Ringwood, A. H. (2021). Bivalves as Biological sieves: bioreactivity pathways of microplastics and nanoplastics. The Biological Bulletin, 241(2), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1086/716259
Rogers, K. (2024, April 26). Microplastics | Definition, Properties, & Plastic Pollution. Encyclopedia Britannica.https://www.britannica.com/technology/Microplastic
Sharma, P., Sharma, P., & Abhishek, K. (2024). Sampling, separation, and characterization methodology for quantification of microplastic from the environment. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 100416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100416
Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) - Chemical safety facts. (2022, October 14). ChemicalSafetyFacts.https://www.chemicalsafetyfacts.org/chemicals/sodium-lauryl-sulfate-sls
Susanne Kühn, Bernike van Werven, Albert van Oyen, André Meijboom, Elisa L. Bravo Rebolledo, Jan A. van Franeker,(2017). The use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution as a suitable approach to isolate plastics ingested by marine organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Volume 115,(Issues1–2),ISSN0025-326X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.11.034.
Tanay D. et al., (2022). The National Shellfish (Tahong and Talaba) Industry Roadmap industry Roadmap. Bureau Of Fisheries And Aquatic Resources. Retrieved October 2, 2024, https://www.bfar.da.gov.ph/wp- content/uploads/2022/11/Shellfish-Industry-Roadmap.pdf
Wang, D., Su, L., Ruan, H. D., Chen, J., Lu, J., Lee, C., & Jiang, S. Y. (2021). `Quantitative and qualitative determination of microplastics in oyster, seawater and sediment from the coastal areas in Zhuhai, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 164, 112000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112000
Woo, H., Seo, K., Choi, Y., Kim, J., Tanaka, M., Lee, K., & Choi, J. (2021). Methods of analyzing microsized plastics in the environment. Applied Sciences, 11(22), 10640. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112210640
Xiao, B., Li, E., Du, Z., Jiang, R., Chen, L., & Yu, N. (2014b). Effects of temperature and salinity on metabolic rate of the Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller, 1774). SpringerPlus, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-455
Yu, A. J. G., Yap-Dejeto, L., Parilla, R. B., & Elizaga, N. B. (2023). Microplastics in Perna viridis and Venerupis species: assessment and impacts of plastic pollution. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007 /s13762-023-04982-x
Ziani K, Ioniță-Mîndrican CB, Mititelu M, Neacșu SM, Negrei C, Moroșan E, Drăgănescu D, Preda OT. Microplastics: A Real Global Threat for Environment and Food Safety: A State of the Art Review. Nutrients. 2023 Jan 25;15(3):617. doi: 10.3390/nu15030617. PMID: 36771324; PMCID: PMC9920460.
Zhang, F., Man, Y. B., Mo, W. Y., Man, K. Y., & Wong, M. H. (2019). Direct and indirect effects of microplastics on bivalves, with a focus on edible species: A mini-review. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 50(20), 2109– 2143. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2019.1700752
Zhu, X., Qiang, L., Shi, H., & Cheng, J. (2020). Bioaccumulation of microplastics and its in vivo interactions with trace metals in edible oysters. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 154, 111079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111079
